Ottoman Empire
Djemal Pasha
1872–1922 Ottoman Minister of the Navy from 1914; commander of the Fourth Army in Syria, 1914–1917
Born in Mytilene on Lesbos on 6 May 1872, Ahmed Djemal rose through the army and the Committee of Union and Progress to become one of the Three Pashas who ruled the Ottoman Empire in the war, with Talaat and Enver. He was Minister of the Navy from February 1914 and, after the empire entered the war, also commanded the Fourth Army in Syria, where his attacks on the Suez Canal in 1915 and 1916 failed. His executions of Arab nationalists, including 21 hanged in Damascus and Beirut on 6 May 1916, made him infamous in Syria and Lebanon. Historians dispute his role in the Armenian genocide. He fled in November 1918, was sentenced to death in absentia, and was assassinated in Tiflis (Tbilisi) on 21 July 1922.
In the chronicle
Sources
Sources
- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djemal_Pasha
- islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cemal-pasa
- www.armenian-genocide.org/jemal.html
- www.the961.com/story-martyrs-square-beirut
- www.turkiyetoday.com/region/syria-cancels-arab-nationalist-martyrs-day-amid-official-holiday-overhaul-3208027
- en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Revolt_in_Arabia/Appendix
- en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ambassador_Morgenthau's_Story/Chapter_15